Solar power systems harness the sun's energy to generate electricity through photovoltaic (PV) cells. These cells are typically made from silicon, a semiconductor material that exhibits the photovoltaic effect. When sunlight strikes a PV cell, photons (light particles) dislodge electrons from atoms in the silicon. This displacement creates an electric field across the cell, generating a flow of electricity.

A solar power system consists of several components: PV panels, an inverter, a mounting system, and often a battery storage system. PV panels, composed of multiple PV cells, are arranged to maximize sun exposure. The electricity generated by PV cells is direct current (DC), which is then converted to alternating current (AC) by the inverter, making it suitable for home or business use.

Efficiency in solar power systems is a key area of research. Factors affecting efficiency include the quality of the PV cells, the angle and orientation of the panels, and environmental conditions such as temperature and shading. Advances in technology have led to the development of more efficient cells, such as monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon cells, as well as thin-film solar cells made from materials like cadmium telluride or copper indium gallium selenide.

Battery storage systems are integral to modern solar power setups, allowing excess energy generated during sunny periods to be stored for later use, ensuring a consistent power supply even during cloudy weather or at night.

Solar power systems offer a sustainable and renewable energy solution, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Continuous improvements in technology and efficiency are making solar power an increasingly viable option for widespread energy needs.